Jerome Mutumba
The recent focus on empowering informal and microenterprises is a necessary affirmation for further development of Namibia’s economy. Development of new market spaces, as well as ongoing management of and upgrades to SME parks as good omens for the future.
An examination of Namibia’s recent enterprise history shows three broad origins of enterprise start-ups. The first is the local start-up, typically an informal or registered, regulatory compliant micro-enterprise. The second is a South African adjunct, an enterprise which complements the South African parent. The third rarest form is an international start-up.
Of the three the informal or formal micro enterprise is arguably the most productive for Namibia. A survey of large Namibian enterprises points to the local, micro origination of many of Namibia’s best-known brands and companies.
The roots of the successes and sustainability of these enterprises lie in their small, relatively low-cost beginnings, the persistence of their owners in learning, adapting and diversifying. Thus, by example and inference, to develop large, economically significant, and sustainable Namibian enterprises, a wide base of informal or formal micro enterprises must be fostered.
However, the value of the progression from an informal enterprise to a large formal enterprise is difficult to predict, especially given that there will be attrition of the informal enterprises in particular.
The economic value of informal and micro enterprises becomes more apparent when evaluated according to current development needs.
Firstly, informal enterprise is a major employer. Recent findings by the International Labour Organisation (ILO), as reported in The Namibian newspaper of 6 September 2022, show that 56% of Namibia’s workforce is employed in the informal sector. According to Tangeni Shindondola, Director of the Dynamic Informal Traders’ Association (DITA), as reported in the Namibian newspaper of 15 February 2022, informal enterprise becomes an employment provider in the event of retrenchments.
Secondly, informal enterprise is known to be a sole form of income for many households, or augments household incomes, particularly where those households are in poverty or on the verge of poverty.
Thirdly, informal and microenterprises are important elements of the value chain as off-takers and distributors of goods and services. This is true of goods and services produced by large and medium-sized enterprises, with attendant impacts on formal enterprise revenues and employment. Informal and micro enterprises also generate network business on a peer level, creating their own ecosystem.
To reap longer term benefits from the informal and micro enterprise sector, activities need to be viewed and planned in four phases.
Firstly, nascent informal enterprise needs to be nurtured and enabled. Secondly, those informal enterprises with potential need to be encouraged to transition to formalised, registered, regulatory compliant microenterprises. Thirdly, microenterprises need to be nurtured to the activity level of SMEs. Finally, the most successful SMEs need to graduate to larger enterprises.
What is obvious is that the process of growth of informal and micro enterprises requires support and inducements.
The first inducement is a welcoming approach to start-ups. This requires liberalisation of the regulatory environment for informal enterprises, and removal of early barriers. Although regulation is required, that regulation should be exerted gradually, post-start-up on the basis of impact on the community as well as the level of activity of the informal enterprises.
A second phase will be required to induce formalisation of the informal enterprise to become a fully-fledged micro enterprise, including full regulatory compliance.
The shift from informal enterprise to registered microenterprise entails costs which must be offset, including taxation and regulatory costs. To reduce the immediate burden, the enterprise will be required to grow, which will come at an expense. This can be offset with short-term bridging finance for stock and regulatory costs, and longer-term mezzanine finance to grow the asset base. This might be paired with concessional interest rates and use of assets financed as collateral.
What is also apparent is that formalisation requires an augmented skill set to manage finance in a borrowing environment, as well as administer the regulatory aspects. This can be addressed with mentoring and coaching of the type envisaged by the Bank of Namibia’s SME Financing Strategy.
What is implicit to a policy that nurtures informal and microenterprises is the need for a suitable agency to administer and coordinate finance, and mentoring and coaching.
The further benefits of an agency of this nature are that it will set the standards for services, and act as a control against predatory providers of microfinance. In addition, it may become a reference point for conducive regulatory practices. Finally, it may become a repository of knowledge and a brains-trust for the informal and microenterprise sectors.
Development Bank of Namibia, by design, is intended to finance large enterprises in the first place, as well as SMEs. It does however provide finance through its Apex microfinance facility for qualifying microfinance providers. In this way, the Bank currently complements the development impact of micro lenders.
As much as Namibia’s future depends on policy-based lending to finance renewable energy, serviced land, affordable housing and young entrepreneurs, it will also need to develop policy-based stimulus for informal enterprises and microenterprises.
*Jerome Mutumba is the Head of Marketing and Corporate Communication at the Development Bank of Namibia.