Feminist theory is a branch of sociology that endeavours to disrupt the status quo of patriarchal power and oppression. It also seeks to dismember the traditional structures that have always stood as stumbling blocks for women, preventing them from accessing equal power and opportunities enjoyed by their male counterparts.
The feminist theory advocates for equality and social justice between the male and female genders. In southern Africa today, the theory is more critical than ever in the political, social, economic and educational spheres. Through the theory, women and girls in the region have an opportunity to gain an understanding of the various challenges they face as they try to fit in.
The feminist theory is an integral model useful in analysing and appreciating the several dynamics of power, existing inequalities and imbalances between the male and female species in each society.
Webster’s New World Dictionary defines feminism as “a movement to win political, economic and social equality for women,” while ‘feminine,’ which is derived from the Latin word ‘Femina,’ means having qualities and characteristics of or suitable for a woman. While acknowledging the contributions of the feminism theory, the theory has evolved over the years, progressing from its first wave to the third and fourth waves.
This article focuses on advocating for women’s support in leadership roles, irrespective of their gender and without discrimination, while not endorsing LGBTQ+ rights as presented in the third wave, which does not align with my belief system and ideals.
This perspective stems from a personal belief system that prioritises women’s issues in leadership contexts over other dimensions of identity politics. In the modern-day political sphere, feminist theory highlights the disproportionate representation of women occupying influential spaces and holding positions of power. The theory further articulates how women’s contributions, perspectives and voices are sidelined and/or not considered. Traditional practices across society are more open to patriarchy that easily observes and gives priority to the leadership of men than that of women.
Namibia’s colonial history has significantly influenced its social structures and gender role perceptions, often reinforcing traditional norms to dictate the expectations of men and women to perpetuate sexism. These historical expectations continue to shape modern attitudes towards gender. However, there are many noteworthy examples where feminine leadership has debunked traditional beliefs
These include former Malawian president Joyce Hilda Banda, who led Malawi so well, while president Samia Suluhu Hassan is currently providing exemplary leadership in Tanzania. On the other hand, Stergomena Lawrence Tax led SADC so well during her tenure as the sixth and first female executive secretary of the regional bloc.
The feminist theory can be a useful tool in identifying and changing some narratives and confronting biases, leading to policy advocacy towards the promotion of gender equality and the equitable empowerment of women in politics. There is a belief that some male counterparts are resisting feminism theory due to the confusion brought by Western Feminism. The perception is that women want to be superior and better than men.
However, different cultures have varying perceptions. To address this perception effectively, it is essential to delve into the historical context of feminism, and the evolution of feminist thought. It is worth noting that women are not in competition with men, but are partners in progress. Women are diligently seeking space to lead, to be valued, and to be accepted to share their perspectives for a better, united Africa we aspire to have.
Within the economic and social spheres, women are more affected by discrimination, violence and poverty.
The reality of the situation in Southern Africa is that women end up living in abject poverty due to factors such as unemployment or underemployment, and lack of access to resources, education, healthcare and other essential basic amenities. Such inequalities, including stereotypes, systemic discrimination and the feminist theory, can assist in creating inclusive and equitable social and economic systems wired to equally benefit women and girls.
In the educational sector, that are gender- sensitive, hence inclusive, the feminist theory becomes useful in mounting a challenge with the aim of transforming the manner and ways in which gender functions and conceptions become embedded to the extent of being normalised, assisting in empowering girls and women in order that they achieve their educational as well as professional goals.
In the practice of the feminine theory, feminine leadership has proven over time that it is a real empowerment force that has contributed significantly to the transformation of societies in emerging economies. In these productive spaces, women holding strategic positions have proven themselves by bringing in unique leadership skills, qualities and perspectives that have accelerated economic growth and development.
Promoting diversity and inclusion is one of the fundamental ways in which feminine leadership contributes to economic empowerment. When provided with opportunities to lead, women often bring a different set of experiences and perspectives that lead to not only effective, but also innovative decision-making.
Women leaders have the inherent capacity to create inclusive work environments that often help unlock the full potential of their teams, thereby driving business success by valuing diversity. Feminine leadership qualities such as empathy, emotional intelligence and collaboration are highly valuable in emerging economies, where social and cultural factors can play a significant role in business success. Over time, women leaders have proven their ability to establish and nurture strong relationships, communicate effectively and navigate complex social dynamics, which create a more inclusive and sustainable economy. Furthermore, promoting gender equality and women’s empowerment is a crucial role that needs to be embraced by all women occupying influential leadership positions. By serving as stewards, role models and representatives of other women, female leaders can and will help remove barriers, and create opportunities for women to succeed in different workspaces. This can have a ripple-effect, leading to greater economic empowerment for women and their communities.
Feminine leadership in southern Africa has significantly played a pivotal role in promoting gender equality, and many other social causes. Women leaders in the region, such as Vice President Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah, Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma and others have been at the forefront of advocating for women’s rights, education and healthcare. Their efforts have led to the implementation of policies and programs that aim to empower women and girls, such as access to education, resources and healthcare services. This has positively impacted the lives of many women through increased opportunities for success, and improved quality of life. In Namibia, we now have gender equality established at national level, while the ruling party, Swapo, implemented a 50/50 zebra representation for inclusion and diversity.
In conclusion, over the last decade, southern Africa has recorded significant milestones in feminine leadership, with some making strides in politics, business and civil society. These notable successes have not only empowered women, but have also contributed to positive social and economic change in the region. As more women continue to be given an opportunity to assume leadership responsibilities, SADC is poised to see even greater progress in the years to come.
*Toini Sam holds a Master’s Degree in International Relations, authored the book ‘The Journey of a Conqueror’, and is a member of the Swapo Party Think Tank. She writes in her own capacity.