In recent years, the political landscape of Southern Africa has undergone a profound transformation, marked by the decline of long-standing liberational movements and the rise of opposition parties. 

This shift is emblematic of a broader trend towards democratisation and political pluralism across the region. Countries like South Africa, Zambia and Botswana are at the forefront of this change, where ruling parties, once synonymous with liberation, have found themselves compelled to share power in government coalitions or face electoral defeat.

This trend raises important questions about the upcoming elections in Namibia, envisioned for 27 November.  

Historical milieu

The liberational movements that emerged in the mid-20th century, primarily in response to colonial rule and Apartheid, were instrumental in shaping the political identity of Southern African countries. 

In South Africa, the African National Congress (ANC) led the struggle against Apartheid.

 Zambia’s United National Independence Party and the Botswana Democratic Party (BDP) played pivotal roles in their respective independence movements. 

For decades, these parties maintained a strong grip on power, often attributing their governance to the legacies of their liberation struggles.

However, as time passed and younger generations emerged, the political narratives began to shift. 

Issues such as economic mismanagement, corruption and governance failures became increasingly pronounced. 

Voter fatigue with entrenched political elites created an opening for opposition parties, who capitalised on these sentiments to gain traction. 

Will this growing appetite for change foreshadow similar dynamics in Namibia?

Rise of opposition

In Zambia, the 2021 elections marked a significant turning point when the opposition party, the United Party for National Development, led by Hakainde Hichilema, defeated the ruling Patriotic Front. 

This victory was not merely a change in government.

It represented a rejection of the status quo, and a desire for accountability, economic reform and improved governance. 

Similarly, in South Africa, the ANC, once the embodiment of hope and progress, has faced increasing challenges from parties like the Democratic Alliance and the Economic Freedom Fighters, as citizens express dissatisfaction with service delivery and corruption.

After losing the recent elections, the BDP finds itself at a crossroads, reflecting on a long tenure that has now been challenged by a rising tide of opposition. 

The defeat highlights a significant shift in voter sentiment, particularly among younger constituents seeking more accountability and progressive policies. 

In the wake of this setback, the BDP faces the urgent task of reevaluating its strategies, and addressing the concerns of its electorate if it hopes to regain its trust and navigate an increasingly competitive political landscape.

Government of national unity

As ruling parties grapple with declining support, some have turned to the idea of forming governments of national unity. 

This approach, while often seen as a pragmatic response to electoral defeat, poses both opportunities and challenges. 

On one hand, governments of national unity (GNUs) can foster stability and promote collaboration among parties, leading to more inclusive governance. 

On the other hand, they can dilute party identities and complicate policy-making processes, as differing ideologies and agendas must be reconciled.

In Zambia, the UPND’s willingness to engage in coalition politics reflects a growing recognition of the need for unity in addressing pressing national issues. 

South Africa has witnessed a significant political shift. 

The inability of the ANC and other major political entities to secure the necessary number of seats for an outright majority has led to discussions around forming a GNU. 

This development marks a pivotal moment in the country’s democratic journey, driven by the realities of a fragmented political landscape.  

Negotiating power-sharing agreements can be complex, and there are often significant ideological differences among parties. Maintaining unity while addressing diverse interests requires careful diplomac, and a commitment to collaborative governance.

Implications

The political shifts in Southern Africa highlight a crucial evolution in the region’s democratic practices. Citizens are demanding more from their governments, pushing for transparency, accountability and inclusivity. 

This trend could encourage a more robust civil society, foster greater political engagement, and ultimately lead to the consolidation of democratic norms.

Moreover, the waning dominance of liberational movements could inspire similar changes across the continent.

As opposition parties in Southern Africa gain confidence and visibility, they may serve as models for other regions experiencing similar struggles with authoritarianism and governance issues.

There is a paradigm shift in the political landscape in Southern Africa, and this represents both a challenge and an opportunity for political renewal. 

As liberational movements adapt to new realities or face electoral defeats, the emergence of opposition parties signifies a shift toward a more vibrant and diverse political landscape.

 The formation of GNUs may pave the way for collaborative governance, fostering a spirit of cooperation in addressing the pressing issues facing the region. 

As Namibia approaches its elections on 27 November, voters are poised to express their desires for change and accountability. 

Whether Namibians will see a continuation of the current leading party’s leadership, the emergence of a strong opposition or the formation of a coalition government, remains to be seen.

 However, one thing is clear: the winds of change are blowing, and the electorate’s voice will play a crucial role in shaping the future of Namibia›s political landscape. 

As Southern Africa navigates this transformative period, the hope for a more inclusive and accountable political future remains strong.

*Joseph Nanewo Abed holds a specialised law degree and a Bachelor of Criminal Justice (Hon). He is pursuing a Master’s in International Relations, Diplomacy and Management.